Which viruses are associated with the development of cancer?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are well-established agents linked to the development of certain cancers. HPV is primarily associated with cervical cancer, as well as other anogenital cancers and oropharyngeal cancers. The various types of HPV that are classified as high-risk are known for their ability to integrate into the host cell genome, disrupting normal cellular functions and leading to carcinogenesis.

Hepatitis B virus, on the other hand, is significantly associated with liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma. Chronic infection with HBV can lead to liver cirrhosis and, subsequently, an increased risk of liver cancer over time. The mechanism involves persistent liver inflammation and cellular turnover, which can result in mutations and malignancy.

In contrast, the other options mentioned do not have the same established connections with cancer development. Varicella zoster virus (associated with chickenpox) and hepatitis A virus generally do not exhibit oncogenic potential. Hepatitis A is an acute infection that usually resolves without long-term consequences, while varicella zoster does not have a direct link with cancer. Similarly, rubella and varicella virus are not associated with cancer development, as they primarily cause acute illnesses without